Introduction to Renewable Energy: Overview of global energy demand and the need for renewable energy, Comparison of renewable and non­renewable energy sources, Environmental benefits and challenges of renewable energy.

Solar Radiation: Extra­Terrestrial radiation, spectral distribution of extra­terrestrial radiation, solar constant, solar radiation at the earth’s surface, beam, diffuse and global radiation.

Measurement of Solar Radiation: Pyrometer, shading ring pyrheliometer, sunshine recorder, schematic diagrams and principle of working. Solar Thermal Conversion: Collection and storage, thermal collection devices.

Fundamentals of solar energy and photovoltaic (PV) technology, Types of solar power plants: grid- tied, off­grid, and hybrid systems, Design considerations for solar power plants: site selection, orientation, and shading analysis, PV system components and their functionalities, Operation, maintenance, and performance monitoring of solar power plants.

Wind Power Plants: Basics of wind energy and wind turbine technology, Types of wind turbines: horizontal axis and vertical axis; Wind resource assessment and site selection for wind power plants, Wind farm layout optimization and wake effects, Grid integration and power system considerations for wind power plants.

Geothermal Energy Conversion: Principle of working, types of geothermal station with schematic diagram, geothermal plants in the world, problems associated with geothermal conversion, scope of geothermal energy.

Tidal Power: Tides and waves as energy suppliers and their mechanics; fundamental characteristics of tidal power, harnessing tidal energy, advantages and limitations.

Ocean Thermal Energy Conversion: Principle of working, OTEC power stations in the world, problems associated with OTEC.

Biomass Power Plants: Biomass as a renewable energy source: types and characteristics, Conversion technologies: combustion, gasification, and anaerobic digestion, biomass feedstock selection and availability, Environmental impacts and sustainability of biomass power plants, Integration of biomass power plants with other energy systems.

Hydrogen Energy: Properties of Hydrogen with respected to its utilization as a renewable form of energy, sources of hydrogen, production of hydrogen, electrolysis of water, thermal decomposition of water, thermos Chemical production bio­chemical production.