Introduction to Digital Design: Binary Logic, Basic Theorems And Properties Of Boolean Algebra, Boolean Functions, Digital Logic Gates, Introduction, The Map Method, Four-Variable Map, Don’t-Care Conditions, NAND and NOR Implementation, Other Hardware Description Language Verilog Model of a simple circuit.

Combinational Logic: Introduction, Combinational Circuits, Design Procedure, Binary Adder- Subtractor, Decoders, Encoders, Multiplexers. HDL Models of Combinational Circuits Adder, Multiplexer, Encoder. Sequential Logic: Introduction, Sequential Circuits, Storage Elements: Latches, Flip-Flops.

Basic Structure of Computers: Functional Units, Basic Operational Concepts, Bus structure, Performance – Processor Clock, Basic Performance Equation, Clock Rate, Performance Measurement.

Machine Instructions and Programs: Memory Location and Addresses, Memory Operations, Instruction and Instruction sequencing, Addressing Modes.

Input/output Organization: Accessing I/O Devices, Interrupts-Interrupt Hardware, Enabling and Disabling Interrupts, Handling Multiple Devices.

Direct Memory Access: Bus Arbitration, Speed, size and Cost of memory systems. Cache Memories Mapping Functions.

Basic Processing Unit: Some Fundamental Concepts, Register Transfers, Performing ALU operations, fetching a word from Memory, Storing a word in memory, Execution of a Complete Instruction.

Pipelining: Basic concepts, Role of Cache memory, Pipeline Performance.